Carlos Simon
(b. 1986)

Four Black American Dances
Composed 2022

Dance has always been central to cultural identity, particularly in Black American communities, where it is woven into the fabric of social gatherings. From the era of slavery to Reconstruction and beyond, countless dances have emerged, reflecting the unique social and cultural experiences of Black Americans. This orchestral piece explores the music associated with four significant dance forms: the Ring Shout, Waltz, Tap Dance, and Holy Dance, each representing the diversity within Black American communities.

I. Ring Shout

The Ring Shout, a religious ritual rooted in the traditions of enslaved Africans, involves ecstatic, circular movements paired with shuffling feet and rhythmic clapping. To evoke its celebratory nature, the percussionist uses a large stick on a wooden board, complemented by fast, intricate string and woodwind passages.

II. Waltz

While cotillion balls were exclusive to white aristocracy, debutante balls became part of Black social circles in the 1930s through efforts by Black sororities and fraternities. The waltz, emblematic of these events, is highlighted in this movement with its elegance and refinement.

III. Tap!

Tap dance, characterized by rhythmic percussive footwork, is emulated in this piece through snare drum rim sounds and short, syncopated string and brass passages. Drawing on jazz harmonies, the movement captures the lively spirit of tap dance.

IV. Holy Dance

Vibrant worship traditions in Black Pentecostal and Holiness churches inspire the final movement. Mimicking the joyous spontaneity of praise breaks, the orchestra creates a semi-improvised, ecstatic sound, led by the trombones and culminating in a climactic plagal “Amen” cadence. This piece celebrates the rich history and enduring spirit of dance within Black American communities, honoring its profound cultural significance.

Instrumentation – two flutes and piccolo, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, percussion, harp, and strings

Duration – 15 minutes

Photo by Kendall Bessent