1 “Understanding the Origins of Antisemitism,” AJC, May 18, 2023, https://www.ajc.org/news/understanding-the-origins-of-antisemitism.
2 It is important to note that strength and resilience has become an important pillar and characteristic of Judaism due to the constant threat of violence and hatred.
3 Senta German, “Introduction to the Ancient Near East (Article),” Khan Academy, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-ap/ancient-near-east-a/a/introduction-to-the-ancient-near-east.
4 Judaism as a whole does not accept Jesus as the messiah. Many leaders in the religion argue over whether Judaism is still a messianic religion waiting for the bringer of salvation, but as of now Jews believe that there has not been a messiah.
5 “Understanding the Origins of Antisemitism,” AJC, May 18, 2023, https://www.ajc.org/news/understanding-the-origins-of-antisemitism.
6 Michael Berenbaum et al., “Anti-Semitism in Medieval Europe,” Encyclopædia Britannica,, https://www.britannica.com/topic/anti-Semitism/Anti-Semitism-in-medieval-Europe.
7 Philissa Cramer, “Bomb Threats Target US Synagogues during Rosh Hashanah, but Few Interruptions Reported,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 18, 2023, https://www.jta.org/2023/09/18/united-states/bomb-threats-target-us-synagogues-during-rosh-hashanah-but-few-interruptions-reported.
8 Martin Luther, “Martin Luther, the Bible, and the Jewish People: A Reader on JSTOR,” trans. Brooks Schramm and Kristi I. Stjerna, JSTOR, 2012, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt22nm6gf.
9 Martin Luther, “Martin Luther, the Bible, and the Jewish People: A Reader on JSTOR,” trans. Brooks Schramm and Kristi I. Stjerna, JSTOR, 2012, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt22nm6gf.
10 Richard Steigmann-Gall, The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945 (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
12 Wilfrid F. Knapp, Baron Bullock, and Alan Bullock, “Adolf Hitler,” Encyclopædia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler.
13 Ibid.
14 “Hitler as a Soldier in the First World War,” Anne Frank Website, https://www.annefrank.org/en/timeline/139/hitler-as-a-soldier-in-the-first-world-war/#:~:text=At%20the%20start%20of%20the,the%20soldiers%20at%20the%20front.
15 “Hitler as a Soldier in the First World War,” Anne Frank Website, https://www.annefrank.org/en/timeline/139/hitler-as-a-soldier-in-the-first-world-war/#:~:text=At%20the%20start%20of%20the,the%20soldiers%20at%20the%20front.
16 Fun fact (?): Hitler originally wanted to name the book Viereinhalb Jahre (des Kampfes) gegen Lüge, Dummheit und Feigheit, or Four and a Half Years [of Struggle] Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice. His editor said it was too long.
17 Leni Yahil, Ina Friedman, and Haya Galai, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).
18 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, “ANTI-JEWISH LEGISLATION IN PREWAR GERMANY,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/anti-jewish-legislation-in-prewar-germany.
19 Ibid.
20 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, “ANTI-JEWISH LEGISLATION IN PREWAR GERMANY,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/anti-jewish-legislation-in-prewar-germany.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, “ANTI-JEWISH LEGISLATION IN PREWAR GERMANY,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/anti-jewish-legislation-in-prewar-germany.
24 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, “ANTI-JEWISH LEGISLATION IN PREWAR GERMANY,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/anti-jewish-legislation-in-prewar-germany.
25 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, “CONCENTRATION CAMPS, 1933–39,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/concentration-camps-1933-39.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,Washington, DC, “‘FINAL SOLUTION’: OVERVIEW,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/final-solution-overview.
29 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,Washington, DC, “‘FINAL SOLUTION’: IN DEPTH,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/final-solution-in-depth.
30 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, “EINSATZGRUPPEN: AN OVERVIEW,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d., https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/einsatzgruppen.
31 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,Washington, DC, “‘FINAL SOLUTION’: IN DEPTH,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/final-solution-in-depth.
32 Ibid.
33 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,Washington, DC, “‘FINAL SOLUTION’: IN DEPTH,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/final-solution-in-depth.
34 Ibid.
35 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, “Chelmno,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d., https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/chelmno.
36 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,Washington, DC, “‘FINAL SOLUTION’: IN DEPTH,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/final-solution-in-depth.
37 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,Washington, DC, “‘FINAL SOLUTION’: IN DEPTH,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/final-solution-in-depth.
38 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,Washington, DC, “FINAL SOLUTIONS: MURDEROUS RACIAL HYGIENE, 1939–1945,” United States holocaust memorial museum, n.d., https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/final-solutions-murderous-racial-hygiene-1939-1945.
39 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, “BOOK BURNING,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, n.d., https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/book-burning.
40 “Röhm Scandal,” Wikipedia, September 22, 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6hm_scandal.